WWW '07: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on World Wide Web; 16th International Conference on World Wide Web; May 8-12, 2007; Banff, Alberta, Canada. In fact, patients frequently mentioned the generic versions that are 50 times cheaper than the branded pills [42]. 1 11:232. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00232. It can also contribute to patient-centered care by informing health care providers of the different medication concerns facing individual patients taking ED drug therapy. Results from the Cox model with duration starting at the date of the first drug entry. Table 1. Data management and analysis were performed using R statistical software (version 3.4.3). Expectedly, patients who mentioned serious medication safety as the primary topic gave the lowest drug rating (2.44) compared with those who mentioned medication safety (3.30) or mild medication safety (3.52) as the primary topic. Eur. Table 5 presents the results of a regression model on the price of eligible drugs. Berndt, E. R., and Aitken, M. L. (2011). being able to get an erection sometimes, but not every time you want to have sex. (2015). Drug ratings of sildenafil by age and time on medication. The seller even designed the pill to appear as a blown-up amber-colored heart. First, we used descriptive analysis to capture the characteristics of the choline alfoscerate market, including the number of manufacturers, their accumulation in the market, and the price sorted by drug form, i.e., capsule, tablet, or syrup. The number reduced to 1382 (463 for sildenafil and 919 for tadalafil) when ineligible reviews (those without comments, commercial posts, and reviews by those below 19 years of age) were excluded (Table 1). Differences in side-effect duration and related bother levels between phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.7.3.5. Ind. Unfiltered spam reviews can affect the study results by intentionally giving false positive or malicious negative opinions about the drugs [46,47]. Care 54, 884890. Most of the fields are filled manually by the reviewers. Third, to consolidate the market power or intervene in market with a number of manufactures, merging with other manufacturers is a recommendation worthy of consideration (The Lancet, 2015; IQVIA, 2019). Latent Dirichlet Allocation. The number of distinctive topics identified was 5 for each ED drug (Textbox 1). GoodRx can help you save over 80% off the average retail price of the generic versions. However, the market is near-monopolistic when examining the price of generic drugs. 112, 207223. To address these issues, choline alfoscerate in tablet form was marketed in 2013, and the drug in syrup form, which was designed for geriatric patients who had problems swallowing, was made available in 2019. Policy Law 6, 369389. Sildenafil has additional safety concerns pertaining to abnormal vision and rash, while tadalafil has an additional safety concern related to pain in the limbs. They can also give their information (optional), such as age and time on medication, by choosing from a list of options. Glob. First, to collect information on manufacturers and understand the financial resources of the companies that conduct external audits, we used KISVALUE, an analytical dataset. Figure 1 presents an overview of the cumulative number of available choline alfoscerate drugs sorted by form. Concerns Discussed on Chinese and French Social Media During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Comparative Infodemiology Study Based on Topic Modeling. Table 2 displays the characteristics of the first movers and the latecomers of the various forms of choline alfoscerate. Drug ratings depended on what topic the reviewers would most likely mention (P=.02 for sildenafil and P<.001 for tadalafil). It is further noted that the capsule and tablet forms were granted marketing authorization in different years. East. The identified topics were subjectively named based on the top 30 most frequently appearing words. 1, 14051487. Furthermore, price competition in the market was rare and only a few major firms initiated price competition. Sharma E, Saha K, Ernala S, Ghoshal S, De Choudhury M. Analyzing Ideological Discourse on Social Media: A Case Study of the Abortion Debate. In contrast, Pfizer, the sildenafil seller, emphasized sexual performance over a romantic relationship. Perhaps may have better results when under less stress and with better sleep. Lancet 389, 1981 2004. Because separate topic modeling was run for each drug set of reviews, the identification of topics would not be affected by the unbalanced number. Garattini, L., and Padula, A. Younger patients seemed to have received the most benefit from erection sustainability. The identification of topics hidden in the patient reviews of ED drug therapy via topic modeling can have many applications. This study has some limitations. Not surprisingly, the newly approved formulation (syrup form) was more expensive than the reference drugs, i.e., the capsule form. 7, 524. Formulation of liquid choline alphoscerate as a solid dosage form. As for medication safety, sildenafil had a topic named medication safety for which events are known to be typical of PDE5 inhibitors, while tadalafil had 2 topics named mild medication safety and serious medication safety. However, Never, Never use and drink anything with grapefruit or other citrus acids in it! In models 2 and 3, we separated the formulations and then applied a simple regression. Rev. Dellarocas C, Narayan R, Smith R. What motivates consumers to review a product online? The Fisher exact test was used to compare the topic distribution between sildenafil and tadalafil. number=847605&thread=22r05, Yang, D.-W., Kim, H.-L., and Lee, T.-J. Value Health 20, 11391142. If so, manufacturers of generic drugs, particularly major manufacturers (as determined by financial resources) could reasonably anticipate profits based on the volume of drugs rather than on the price of drugs and thereby more actively initiate price competition in the market. Directly coming from patients without clinician filtering or interpretation, drug reviews represent the treatment effectiveness and medication safety experienced by individual patients [19-21]. We used heteroscedastic-consistent standard errors for the analysis to obtain a correct standard error. Wienke C. Male sexuality, medicalization, and the marketing of Cialis and Levitra. It was marketed as a drug that makes you ready whenever you feel the urge to make love, especially during weekends, guaranteeing 36 hours of confidence. Kim, S. J., Kwon, S. M., Jung, Y., and Heo, J. H. (2010). 18. Therefore, topic names may not capture all the minute nuances contained in each list. The youngest group was also more satisfied when blue magic was their primary topic rather than amber romance. All the authors were involved with developing and refining the manuscript and approved the final draft before submission. Table 4 presents the information on the unit price of choline alfoscerate sorted by form and manufacturer as of October 2019. kr/pbp/CCBGA01/getItem?infoName=%ED%97%88%EA%B0 %80&totalPages=4&limit=10&searchYn=true&page=1&&open DataInfoSeq=7, https://biz.hira.or.kr/popup.ndo?formname=qya_bizcom%3A%3AInfoBank.xfdl&framename=InfoBank, https://nedrug.mfds.go.kr/pbp/CCBGA01/getItem?infoName=%ED%97%88%EA%B0%80&totalPages=4&limit=10&searchYn=true&page=1&&openDataInfoSeq=7, http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/al/sal0301vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=04&MENU_ID=0403&page=1&CONT_SEQ=347199&SEARCHKEY=TITLE&SEARCHVALUE=%ED%98%81%EC%8B%A0%ED%98%95+%EC%A0%9C%EC%95%BD%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85, https://www.dailymedi.com/detail.php? For instance, the NHIS claimed 113.6 billion Korean won (KRW, approximately 96 million US Dollar) for choline alfoscerate in the first half of 2019, an amount that reflected an increase of 18% compared to the previous semiannual report (Yang, 2019). Words: erect, get, hard, wife, can, result, good, orgasm, still, experience, longer, best, without, cut, penile, need, increase, notice, enough, stay, stimulated, keep, taken, rock, ejaculate, flush, morning, since, position, and sexual, Words: time, last, sex, pill, first, great, long, get, start, doctor, make, got, back, month, little, medical, life, week, morning, love, problem, always, recommend, couple, worth, ever, help, made, stop, and way, Words: headache, drug, flush, work, feel, nose, face, eye, stuffiness, slight, mild, red, light, vision, blue, sometime, think, congested, side effect, nasal, pressure, facial, less, nothing, stuff, head, say, drink, seems, and well, Words: Viagra, work, use, trial, side effect, year, problem, Cialis, cause, give, erectile dysfunction, well, intercourse, help, pain, take, blood, due, another, full, generic, perform, sex, year old, high, maintain, wait, find, gave, and never, Words: take, hour, effect, like, day, dose, took, much, half, heart, minute, stomach, felt, night, later, know, want, within, start, better, min, bad, beat, med, several, tablet, usual, around, away, and rapid, Words: erect, get, hard, sex, wife, can, like, problem, long, need, night, start, enough, able, better, longer, orgasm, sometime, good, keep, life, several, occasion, lot, penile, love, minute, full, perform, and quit, - Serious medication safety (n=244, 26.7%), Words: pain, day, back, leg, bad, lower, severe, ache, sleep, never, worth, muscle, cramp, symptom, stop, still, extreme, away, due, upper, right, thigh, terrible, though, hip, way, ever, like, walk, and neck, Words: take, side effect, drug, effect, dose, experience, erectile dysfunction, flush, cause, start, eye, great, help, much, mild, bodies, dosage, side, blood, issue, however, increase, read, recommend, taken, heart, wonder, continuation, face, and sore, Words: Cialis, work, use, trial, year, Viagra, week, well, doctor, month, make, good, result, medical, best, Levitra, see, couple, nothing, gave, vision, anyone, later, sexual, since, always, guy, happen, per, and generic, Words: time, hour, last, headache, took, pill, first, feel, morning, half, tablet, night, like, great, got, slight, heartburn, nose, thing, notice, felt, stuffiness, give, still, went, much, three, within, think, and weekend. Rancic, N., and Jakovljevic, M. M. (2016). Information on the unit price of choline alfoscerate sorted by form and manufacturers as of October 2019. To this end, we selected choline alfoscerate as the subject of this study. It is reported that people with specific health problems provide informative and lengthy text data for health portals [52]. Levitra (vardenafil hydrochloride) is an oral medication taken to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). J. Aust. The trend reflects the countrys rapidly changing demographics. Korean J. A study of the product-specific antecedents of online movie reviews. (2000). Lastly, the study findings have documented the capabilities of topic modeling on SNS drug reviews in the areas of infodemiology/infoveilance of private and taboo topics. For instance, 119 manufacturers have marketed atorvastatin 10 mg in the South Korean market, implying that the pharmaceutical market is an example of highly competitive market in which many manufacturers produce fully homogeneous generics for the market (Son, 2019). This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019S1A5A8032445). The numbers of topics related to medication safety were 2 for tadalafil and 1 for sildenafil. The LDA packages of open-source R were used as the analysis tool. Patient medication reviews have a longer document length than typical tweets. The table indicates that the maximum allowance price for choline alfoscerate under the NHIS is currently 523 KRW (approximately 0.44 USD). The commercials emphasized that the drug makes you ready whenever you feel like making love, which promotes romance over sexual acts. In addition, our study successfully identified 5 distinctive topics meeting the topic identification criteria [25]. LEVITRA (vardenafil HCl) is formulated as orange, film-coated round tablets with debossed "BAYER" cross on one side and "10" and "20" on the other side equivalent to 10 mg and 20 mg of vardenafil, respectively. The latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) method of natural language processing (NLP) was used to discover hidden topics from each set of patient reviews [25]. doi: 10.1017/S1744133110000332. Then the Lemonaid pharmacy, licensed in all 50 states, will ship your meds directly to your door in discreet packaging. Viagra's success brings challenge from two rivals. It is interesting why sildenafil users least frequently mentioned alternative choices as their primary topic, while tadalafil users mentioned it quite frequently (71/461, 15.4% vs 182/915, 19.9%). The studys specific aims were to determine if (1) the topics identified for each ED drug reflect drug labeling information, marketing claims, and other patient concerns; (2) the distribution of primary topics varies with patient characteristics (patient age and time on ED drug therapy); and (3) the satisfaction with ED drug therapy depends on the primary topics controlling for patient characteristics. Moreover, it supports that topic modeling on SNS posts is capable of uncovering hidden topics related to taboo or private behaviors. Data were collected from the patient medication reviews of sildenafil and tadalafil posted on WebMD and Ask a Patient. In our model, we included two categorical variables. First movers were defined as manufacturers who entered the market within two and half years after the date of the first entry, while latecomers were defined as manufacturers who entered the market after two and half years (Son, 2019). 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