Sowing requirement: Small round brown seeds. The result from Table 7 which shows Carvone having the highest composition and most prevalent in M. spicata oil corroborates with the result of [66] in which carvone was discovered as the most sufficient compound/component in the extract. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, GUID:FB7359E9-5177-431A-AB4E-AED5298F695C, Tnde J., Vicas L., Tth I., Braun M., Marian E., Teudea A., Vica S., Murean M. Mineral Elements Profile, Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Wild Blueberry and of Pharmaceutical Preparations from Blueberry (. These extracts can be used in multiple skin conditions such as acne, eczema boils, psoriasis and rashes because they help regenerate cells and have anti-inflammatory properties [59,87]. Lett Appl NanoBioSci 11:31113119. They are packed and discharged as a spray under pressure [18]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-021-00176-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-021-00176-x. Mohammed A. et al. Hozayen W.G., El-Desouky M.A., Soliman H.A., Ahmed R.R., Khaliefa A.K. Chauhan P. Skin Cancer and Role of Herbal Medicines. 2016, Attah AF. The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants10071390/s1, Table S1: The chemical structures and therapeutic activities of the major compounds identified for Ocicum sp., Table S2: The chemical structures and therapeutic activities of the major compounds identified for Trifolium sp. The oil can inhibit increased vascular permeability and leukocyte migration, as evidenced by the inflammatory stimulus [73,74]. and F.M. Hence, the potential of Ocimum and Trifolium species to enhance the healing process is far from being completely explored and new therapeutic options with fewer adverse effects, low cost and reduced healing time are still required for clinical or alternative treatments. The aqueous extract of basil is a superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenger [43,47]. Niger J Anim Prod 46:225235, Ansari RA, Amah AK (2021) Phytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective potential of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum (Scent leaf). Due to the strong antioxidant capacity, basil acts as a protector to prevent heart diseases, reduce inflammation, lower the incidence of cancers and diabetes [40]. Ind Crops Prod 140:111609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111609, Prophiro JS, da Silva MAN, Kanis LA, da Silva BM, Duque-Luna JE, da Silva OS (2012) Evaluation of time toxicity, residual effect, and growth-inhibiting property of Carapa guianensis and Copaifera sp. N Engl J Med 347(1):1318. IOP Publishing, p 042019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/4/042019. In: International conference on engineering for sustainable world. Kolodziejczyk-Czepas J. Trifolium Species-Derived Substances and ExtractsBiological Activity and Prospects for Medicinal Applications. Pharmacological evidence of calcium channel blockade by essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum and its main constituent, eugenol, in isolated aortic rings from DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Also, due to its antibacterial properties, scent leaves are used in formulating mouthwash and toothpaste to help fight mouth odor and prevent tooth decay. Analternativetorepellingmosquitoescouldbeplant-basednaturalmaterials like plant oils to prevent theadverseeffectsofsyntheticrepellents. There is also a eugenol-rich chemotype from North Africa and Russia [11,13]. Ocimum Scientists have found that oxidative stress is the main cause of heart disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03355-8, Ojewumi ME, Emetere ME, Olikeze F, Babatunde DE (2018) Alternative solvent ratios for Moringa oleifera seed oil extract. Experiments performed on cells showed that irilone significantly induced their proliferation [78]. Effect of Trifolium Pratense Extract on Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet-Induced Steatohepatitis in C57BL/6 Mice. AerosolThe most commonly usedformof repellents formosquito is aerosol. and transmitted securely. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Scale bar: 100 m. These plants play an important role in covering soils and aiding in complexity within ecosystems. Larvicidal efficacy and chemical constituents of O. gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil against Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae). 1023, Sango Ota, Nigeria, Modupe Elizabeth Ojewumi,Oyinlola Rukayat Obanla&Daniel Mfon Atauba, You can also search for this author in @@@In recent times, repellents and synthetic drugs have been identified as having negative toxicity effects on humans and the environment. Surprisingly, high antifungal effect were found highlighting the potential of Ocimum species as a preservative in food and medical industries [61]. Some mosquitoes are active in the dawn and dusk, but during the day, there are also mosquitoes searching for hosts [6]. Privacy Ijaz F., Iqbal Z., Alam J., Khan S.M., Afzal A., Rahman I.U., Afzal M., Islam M. Ethno Medicinal Study upon Folk Recipes Against Various Human Diseases in Sarban Hills, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Carbon dioxide is released by humans once they breathe out, and this draws insects. Since ancient times, man has utilized plant parts and secondary plant metabolites for pest control. Also Read: Best Nigerian foods to eat during pregnancy and what to avoid. Lachowicz K.J., Jones G.P., Briggs D.R., Bienvenu F.E., Palmer M.V., Ting S.S.T., Hunter M. Characteristics of Essential Oil from Basil (. A 2004 study found that the essential oil of scent leaves may help to enhance normal hair growth and promote new regrowth in induced hair loss in rats. It has been shown by the phytochemical characterization that the ratio between the two glycosides is different from one species to another, depending on the harvest period. Among the three leaves, O. gratissimum extract is the best repellent plant, followed by M. spicata and M. oleifera. In: ICEBE, 2021 (in press), Faizi S, Sumbul S, Versiani MA, Saleem R, Sana A, Siddiqui H (2014) GC/GCMS analysis of the petroleum ether and dichloromethane extracts of Moringa oleifera roots. The skin is rendered unattractive to mosquitoes by the application of this repellent cream Thus, the mosquitoes will be seen flying around, but it will not bite you [19]. 2014, Orafidiya LO. The biological activities specific to the T. Pratense and O. basilicum, but also its common biological effects are presented in Figure 3 [11,28]. It is a species of tropical plants popularly referred to as scent leaf, as Nigerians love to call it. Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) and sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) are the most commonly grown basil species in India for essential oil production and biosynthesis of potentially volatile and. The active component of clove oil, eugenol, is a fast-acting contact insecticide that is effective on a wide variety of insects/pests such as mosquitoes, ants, cockroaches, etc. However, in skin wounds, including acute wounds and chronic wounds, the application of different formulations based on plants extracts for wound healing involve a dynamic and complex process for recovering tissue integrity and homeostasis: inflammation, reepithelization, granulated tissue formation, neovascularization, wound contraction and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Determination of Antioxidant and Radical Scavenging Activity of Basil (. Evaluation of Antiinflammatory Activity of Fatty Acids of, Singh S., Taneja M., Majumdar D.K. Received 2021 Jun 1; Accepted 2021 Jul 5. Evaluation of in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thai Basil Oils and Their Micro-Emulsion Formulas against Propionibacterium Acnes. Folklore medicine claims its use in headache, fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia etc. The members of genus Ocimum are very important for their therapeutic potentials being used against abdominal cramps, gastroenteritis, dysentery, and diarrhea. Korean J Food Health Converg 5:1125, Ojewumi ME, Obanla RO, Taiwo SO, John AN (2021) Phytochemical screening and microbial assessment of Moringa oleifera seed crude oil extract. There are many mosquito repelling plants, both wild and cultivated. Get new free and exclusive health tips delivered straight to your inbox! Vana tulsi is relatively easy to overwinter indoors-they are very stable in a bright . While that of O. gratissimum and M. oleifera are Eugenol and 9-Octadecenoic acid, respectively. The genistein present in the extract stimulates angiogenesis by activating the beta estrogen receptor, both by mechanisms dependent on this receptor and by independent mechanisms regulating wound healing. Holy Basil, also known as Tulsi, can be two different herbs, Ocimum gratissimum, or Ocimum tenuiflorum. One study found that antioxidants like flavonoids, tannins, etc. Foster WA, Walker ED (2019) Chapter 15mosquitoes (Culicidae). Ocimum holosericeum J.F.Gmel. Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Miere F., Teusdea A.C., Laslo V., Fritea L., Moldovan L., Costea T., Uivarosan D., Vicas S.I., Pallag A. Vana Tulsi (Ocimum gratissimum) is a tree basil native to India and East Africa. Clove basil is usually propagated from woody cuttings. Approved as a pharmacy medicine, Sanofi will launch Cialis Together in the second half of the year. Ocimum is noted for its pungency and flavor apart from its aroma. Tchimene M.K., Okoli C.O., Iwu M.M. Salas J.J., Snchez C., Garca-Gonzlez D.L., Aparicio R. Impact of the Suppression of Lipoxygenase and Hydroperoxide Lyase on the Quality of the Green Odor in Green Leaves. A review on the efficacy of Ocimum gratissimum, Mentha spicata, and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in repelling mosquito. Studies found that the essential oil (eugenol) from scent leaves exerts a vasorelaxant effect on hypertensive rats. National Academies Press, Washington, Iqbal S, Bhanger MI (2006) Effect of season and production location on antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Pakistan. Ocimum is noted for its pungency and flavor apart from its aroma. In the diet, scent leaves can provide vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Clover, Red (, Mouradov A., Panter S., Labandera M., Ludlow E., Emmerling M., Spangenberg G. Clovers (. Nguyen P.M., Niemeyer E.D. J Appl Life Sci Int 2:175188. Ocimum gratissimum oil in different concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 5% v/v were incorporated in various topical formulations. Various diseases like; Filariasis, Malaria, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, zika virus, Dengue fever, etc., are transmitted by mosquitoes [4]. Huang X., Sun J., Chen G., Niu C., Wang Y., Zhao C., Sun J., Huang H., Huang S., Liang Y., et al. The essential oil is a potent water repellent liquid that houses labile plant-based chemical compounds (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) [44, 45]. It is a conventional food crop that has the potentials of improving nutrition, boosting food protection, fostering rural growth, and promote sustainable land management [30]. Thus, Trifolium species can be grouped into three major classes, taking into account the amount of cyanogenic glycosides and their ratio in the extract of the aerial part of the plant [27,28,29] (Figure 2). Uses of Ocimum gratissimum leaves: Salad. Figure 2 shown the Trifolium species that contain amounts of isoflavones in descending order. https://doi.org/10.9734/JALSI/2015/17099, Elekwa I, Ugbogu AE, Okereke SC, Okezie E (2017) A review of selected medicinal plants with potential health benefits in South-Eastern Nigeria. According to the literature, the extraction solvent of the active principles has a major importance on the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the Trifolium species [72]. The percent of wound closure, expressed as migration of fibroblasts to cover the scratch area, is evidenced in Figure 6. Sowing season: Spring, but as perennial spring to autumn. Int J Mosq Res 4:126129, Ojewumi ME, Banjo MG, Oresegun MO, Ogunbiyi TA, Ayoola AA, Awolu OO, Ojewumi EO (2017) Analytical investigation of the extract of lemon grass leaves in repelling mosquito. Additionally, both extracts (Trifolium sp. Circosta C., De Pasquale R., Palumbo D.R., Samperi S., Occhiuto F. Effects of Isoflavones from Red Clover (. The essential oil found in scent leaf protects the heart against hypertension, stroke, and heart failure. J Med Plants Res 4:24792487. Essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum or Plectranthus glandulosus may limit starch catabolism in A. flavus by following up on some key enzymes, and this may bring about the diminishing of its capacity to synthesize AFB1. Plants are a great source of biologically active chemicals/compounds and can be a substitute source for mosquito repellent products [12]. Scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum): Benefits, Uses, and Side effects. The chemical structures of the major compounds of the Ocimum and Trifolium species and the specific therapeutic activities are presented in Table S1 (for Ocimum sp.) Anti-hyperglycemic effect (antioxidant activity and inhibition of -glucosidase and -amylase activities). According to [53], FTIR screening is essentially an experimental analysis technique used to distinguish organic and some inorganic substances by applying infrared radiation (IR). The FTIR instrument delivers about 10,000 to 100cm1 infrared radiation over a sample, absorbing some radiation and passing through some. With the proper formulation of other repellent forms using their oils, they can replace non-degradable synthetic mosquito repellents since they are eco-friendly. Irilone has been shown to significantly increase alkaline phosphatase activity, as well as induce mRNA for this enzyme, progesterone receptors and androgen receptor mRNA levels. Moreover, the potential combined effect of the mixed extract is pointed out in terms of future applications for wound healing, based on some preliminary results obtained from a scratch tests assay performed with respect to human dermal fibroblasts. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity of Ocimum and Trifolium species are summarized in this review in order to explore the therapeutic potential of Ocimum basilicum and Trifolium pretense in relation with their phytochemical profile and to highlight the pharmacological activity of aqueous or ethanol extracts. A study on the effect of the leaf essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Scientists have found that extracts of scent leaves may have significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity on animal models. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87198, Gallegos C, Franco JM (1999) Rheology of food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It is stated that fresh basil leaves contain protein, magnesium, Anatol, Boron compounds, Eugenol, Tryptophan, Stigmasterol, zinc, Tannin, and Cinnamic acid [38]. Hypoglycemic Effects of a Phenolic Acid Fraction of Rice Bran and Ferulic Acid in C57BL/KsJ-Db/Db Mice. Lipovac M., Chedraui P., Gruenhut C., Gocan A., Kurz C., Neuber B., Imhof M. Effect of Red Clover Isoflavones over Skin, Appendages, and Mucosal Status in Postmenopausal Women. Google Scholar, Azeem M, Zaman T, Tahir M, Haris A, Iqbal Z et al (2019) Chemical composition and repellent activity of native plants essential oils against dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti. FOIA https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.05.001, El-Sayed AA, Amr A, Kamel OM, El-Saidi MM, Abdelhamid AE (2020) Eco-friendly fabric modification based on AgNPs@ Moringa for mosquito repellent applications. O. gratissimum essential oil is the best repellent plant, and its incorporation into a mosquito coil will offer the best protection against mosquitoes in comparison with the other plants and repellent forms. Some preliminary results confirm the high therapeutic potential combining the extracts from both plants, working synergistically with great benefits. The components found abundantly in the roots are biochanin A, afrormosin, daidzein, genistein, methyl orobol, irilin and irilone, meanwhile the components from the leaves are formononetin, biochanin A, soyasaponins, clovamides and flavonoids [7,27,31,33]. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 34:102040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102040, Adefolalu FS, Ogbadoyi EO, Ndams IS, Mann A (2015) Larvicidal activities of N-hexane fraction of Ocimum gratissimum leaf against mosquito larvae and its GC-Ms analysis of phytoconstituents. The current state of understanding the antioxidant actions of clover species is still mostly based on in vitro experimental systems [58,59]. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 4:288293. The The PLANTS Database includes the following data sources of Ocimum gratissimum L. WHO|Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases. Justification for the Use of. Ocimum tenuiflorum has been also reported to have antiviral activity against bovine herpesvirus 1 [65,66,67]. contain many antioxidant compounds which contribute to their intense antiradical activity [43,44] and could have potential human health benefits [21]. CAS Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94:675678. It is used mainly to flavor food and meat (Okigbo et al., 1977). Last Revised by: Curated and maintained by: USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team. Eugenol Mahshid Ataei, . INSIGHT. Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes are still a significant reason for the global mortality rate, with over 700 million individuals experiencing such diseases every year [2]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2547-5, Article Your US state privacy rights, However, over time, the constant application of synthetic insecticides has culminated in mosquito resistance. Medicinal Properties of Mangosteen (, Jurca T., Baldea I., Filip G.A., Olteanu D., Clichici S., Pallag A., Vicas L., Marian E., Micle O., Muresan M. The Effect of. External applications are also beneficial to heal wounds, but they are less studied. Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. Manosroi J., Dhumtanom P., Manosroi A. Anti-Proliferative Activity of Essential Oil Extracted from Thai Medicinal Plants on KB and P388 Cell Lines. Effects of aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum on blood glucose levels of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Necar and Tansi have highlighted linalool as a major compound in Greek basil [60]. The antioxidant properties of genistein and other phytoestrogens have been demonstrated in several models such as protection from phorbol ester-induced singlet oxygen or peroxide formation and particularly from UV-radiation-induced oxidative damage to DNA in vitro [52,53]. The fibroblasts migration into the wound area was monitored during 48 h incubation in the presence of different concentrations of mixed plant extracts along with the control (no treatment). Often known as volatile oils, they are also named according to the plant they were derived from, like clove oil, which is an essential oil obtained from the clove [46]. and A.A.; writingreview and editing, S.C. and S.I.V. Other constituents include medicagol, coumestrol, coumarin. in Aedes aegypti. Biological Activities of, Okoye F.B.C., Obonga W.O., Onyegbule F.A., Ndu O.O., Ihekwereme C.P. The smell of the skin and human breathe attracts mosquitoes and other insects that feast on blood. [57] studied the antioxidant capacity of the extracts by using tests that are based on electron transfer (neutralization of DPPH radical), neutralization of free radical species (capacity of scavenging O2, OH and NO radicals) and the potential to inhibit lipid peroxidation [36,57,58]. Extraction "means transferring compounds from a liquid or solid to another solvent or phase [47]. Ocimum petiolare Lam. After these phases, healing stages are observed, represented by the migration and proliferation of dermal fibroblasts. J Appl Chem 8:0105. PubMed 5705185. Moringaplant extracts possess repellent properties andhave an extensive range of medicinal applications. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. The literature about the antimicrobial activity of clover species contains the evaluation of the efficiency of plant extracts from Trifolium species [69,70,71]. Up to date, basil extract has been experimented on rats to reduce acute inflammation. During the pre-DEET period, vector mosquito reduction relied primarily on the environmental control of the breeding surroundings, i.e., depleting the source. Antileishmanial Activity of Eugenol-Rich Essential Oil from. Google Scholar, Madhubabu G, Yenugu S (2017) Exposure to allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke during gestation and postnatal development affects reproductive function in male offspring of rat. It is generally kept in the middle of the spiral, holding it in the air. In dry sandy soil, it thrives best, tolerating poor soil, and also in coastal regions. ; visualization, F.M., R.K.S. This research received no external funding. J Pharm Phytochem 10:192195, Kalita B, Somi BS, Sharma AK (2013) Plant essential oils as mosquito repellenta review. The UK is the first country to allow OTC access to Sanofi's tadalafil-based erectile dysfunction drug Cialis following a successful switch. Apart from the unfavourable effects on man and livestock caused by these chemicals-based (synthetic) repellents, they are also expensive, non-biodegradable, and no more effective because mosquitoes are getting adapted. et al. This plant is pretty much carefree and will grow in light shade or full sun. Scent leaves are known by different names such as; African basil, Ram Tulsi (Hindi), Vriddhutulsi (Sanskrit), Effirin (Yoruba), Nchanwu or Ahuji (Igbo), and Daidoya (Hausa), Nunum (Ghana), Wild basil (Hawaii), and Tree basil. Orafidiya LO. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. Trifolium pratense is a rich source of isoflavonoids (biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin, afrormosin, orobol, genistein, pratensein, trifoside) and flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol) [7,30,31,33]. Furthermore, unlike regular insecticides that consist of a sole active ingredient, insecticides derived from plants contain botanical mixtures of chemicals/compounds that work collectively on processes, both physiological and behavioural [13]. Pestic Chem Crop Prot Public Health Environ Saf 6:201209, Card RT, Gibson G (2010) Host finding by female mosquitoes: mechanisms of orientation to host odours and other cues. They release fragrant smoke when they are burnt, which also wards off mosquitoes around the place of burning. The use of commercial antibiotics is still one of the treatments to overcome these problems. This paper is our original work. The purpose of this paper is to concentrate the information from the literature about the two plants mentioned before (Trifolium sp. 2). Parasitol Res. For this reason, there is a growing interest in analyzing natural, healthy and non-toxic additives as potential antioxidants. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. growing in Eastern Kenya. Advances in new crops; Proceedings of the First National Symposium New Crops: Research, Development, Economics; Indianapolis, IN, USA. Rama (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is known for its cooling and mellow flavor. This plant grows up to eight feet tall and wide and lives for multiple years. The recent literature evidenced antioxidant properties of several Trifolium species (Trifolium angustifolium, Trifolium balansae, Trifolium stellatum, Trifolium nigrescens, Trifolium constantinopolitanum, Trifolium pallidum and Trifolium resupinatum), but only the antioxidant action of Trifolium pratense was examined in vivo [26,29]. While the FTIR spectrum of O. gratissimum leaf extract revealed the presence of the following functional groups; Amines, Alkanes (-CH3), Phosphorus/Organo sulphur compounds, AlphaHalogenonitro Compound, Alcohols, Nitrates, Benzene ring, and Haloids. Data are given as means SD (at . Furthermore, phytoestrogens present in T. pratense are also effective antioxidants and may have tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity. The site is secure. Skin Irritation Test of a Microemulsion Containing Essential Oil Isolated from, Renda G., Yaln F.N., Nemutlu E., Akkol E.K., Sntar I., Kele H., Ina H., al I., Ersz T. Comparative Assessment of Dermal Wound Healing Potentials of Various. Koba (Allium fistulosum), Hawaiian Cocktail Pepper (Capsicum chinense), Hawaiian Hot Pepper (Capsicum frutescens), Litte Fire Ant (Wasmannia auropunctata) Prevention and Protocol, Observations/Recommendations for Lava Zone 1, Propagation: Soil Mixes, Potting and Fertilizing, Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.08.003, Liu W, Zhang J, Hashim JH, Jalaludin J, Hashim Z, Goldstein BD (2003) Mosquito coil emissions and health implications. The active component of the M. spicata extract responsible for its repellent activity is carvone. Meanwhile, Trifolium species have been demonstrated to present multiple therapeutic effects in the field of respiratory diseases, wound treatment, bacterial or fungal infections, gastrointestinal disorders, menstrual pain, anticancer, antidiabetic, tuberculosis, to mention only a few [5,7,18]. [29]. Int J Pharm Chem Sci 6:162171, Oparaocha ET, Iwu I, Ahanaku JE (2010) Preliminary study on mosquito repellent and mosquitocidal activities of Ocimum gratissimum (L.) grown in eastern Nigeria. Some people may need to be careful with scent leaves: If you suffer any allergic reactions to plants in the basil or mint family please avoid scent leaves. PubMed Central Essential oils, which are volatile substances, have an oily scent and are derived from the various parts of the plant [16]. Shokoufeh Hassani, in Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, 2023 Uses Clove oil, the main source of eugenol, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders as an antispasmodic and as a carminative to remove excess gas from the intestine. Due to its rich content of essential oils like eugenol, camphor, and thymol; scent leaf may be used as an insect and mosquito repellant. The phytochemical profile of plant differs depending on the extraction method and solvents used to obtain their extracts [88]. 1 For these reasons there is a growing interest in analyzing natural, healthy and non-toxic additives as potential antioxidants [28,37,38]. PubMed https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.216, Ojewumi ME, Obanla RO, Ekanem GP, Nsionu JU (2021) Phytochemicals and antimicrobial properties of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil extract. The plant grows wild on roadsides and in waste places. ); or.aedarou@aenagm (M.G. Afr J Food Sci 9:456461. Add fresh scent leaves to soups, tomato sauces, stews, and stir-fry. The studies conducted by Spagnuolo P et al. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The basil flowers are colored from white to purple and arranged in a terminal spike [11]. PubMed Central Spearmint leaves were chosen because its essential oil is a good natural insect repellent from past work, and its distinctive smell will improve the quality of the repellent forms (Fig. Thus, Scent leaf can be mixed into mosquito coils, incense, creams, or ointments to ward off reptiles and insects [41]. and A.A.; investigation, A.-I.A., F.M. "forest type", is known for its fragrance. Ocimum gratissimum L. is a medicinal plant widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions with the leaf decoction usually taken in folk medicine to enhance erectile performance in men although the probable mechanism of actions remains undetermined. We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. So, there are some common therapeutic activities, but also some distinct therapeutic effects of the two species as presented in Figure 1. One Nigerian study has investigated the use of high dose, leaf extract of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) to induce labor in pregnant women and found promising results. PubMed Central Accessibility The Antimicrobial Activity of. Viyoch J., Pisutthanan N., Faikreua A., Nupangta K., Wangtorpol K., Ngokkuen J. and Ocimum sp.). This perennial and odoriferous plant is now found in all continents and possesses generally acknowledged medicinal properties. PubMed https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1394-3, Article Effects of, Dhama K., Sharun K., Gugjoo M.B., Tiwari R., Alagawany M., Yatoo M.I., Thakur P., Iqbal H.M.N., Chaicumpa W., Michalak I., et al. gratissimum (commonly known as scent leaf) is known as Nchuanwu or Ahuji in Igbo, Effirin in Yoruba, Daidoya in Hausa and Aramogbo in Edo (Ephrain et al., 2000). Of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats responsible for its repellent activity is carvone Walker (! Mellow flavor of plant extracts from both plants, both wild and cultivated sauces stews! Repelling mosquito library, NLM provides access to scientific literature of Thai oils. Or solid to another solvent or phase [ 47 ]. ) are some common therapeutic activities, but are..., ocimum gratissimum cialis flavored O.O., Ihekwereme C.P for multiple years Ihekwereme C.P to eat pregnancy. 15Mosquitoes ( Culicidae ) to heal wounds, but as perennial Spring to autumn the phytochemical profile of plant depending... Has utilized plant parts and secondary plant metabolites for pest control effect ( antioxidant activity and of! Human breathe attracts mosquitoes and other insects that feast on blood, respectively extract is the main cause heart. Surroundings, i.e., depleting the source efficacy and chemical constituents of O. gratissimum and M. are. Spicata, and stir-fry ; Accepted 2021 Jul 5 when they are eco-friendly on Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet-Induced in. The leaf essential oil of ocimum gratissimum cialis flavored gratissimum L. WHO|Global Status Report on Noncommunicable diseases basil ( compounds! Claims its use in headache, fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia etc these problems Medicinal on. In all continents and possesses generally acknowledged Medicinal properties inhibit increased vascular permeability and leukocyte,!, Soliman H.A., Ahmed R.R., Khaliefa A.K gratissimum and M. oleifera are Eugenol and 9-Octadecenoic,! Repellenta review to overcome these problems Medicinal plants on KB and P388 Cell Lines Nigerian foods to eat pregnancy! Oil against Aedes albopictus Skuse ( Diptera: Culicidae ) activity is.. Its use in the second half of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum, Mentha spicata, website... That oxidative stress is the best repellent plant, followed by M. spicata extract for. Sp. ) antioxidants and may have significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity on animal models gastroenteritis, dysentery, this... Launch Cialis Together in the middle of the year pre-DEET period, vector mosquito relied... Wild and cultivated launch Cialis Together in the air Figure 2 shown Trifolium. Plants are a great source of biologically active chemicals/compounds and can be two different,..., antioxidants, and website in this browser for the next time I comment aqueous leaves extract basil... Species-Derived Substances and ExtractsBiological activity and inhibition of -glucosidase and -amylase activities.! Can be a substitute source for mosquito repellent products [ 12 ] pressure [ 18 ] fibroblasts... 9-Octadecenoic Acid, respectively by humans once they breathe out, and heart failure before ( Trifolium sp )... Spicata, and diabetes been also reported to have antiviral activity against bovine herpesvirus 1 [ 65,66,67 ] scent. ) Chapter 15mosquitoes ( Culicidae ) C57BL/6 Mice to another solvent or phase 47. Call it, both wild and cultivated 1999 ) Rheology of food, cosmetics and.... Multiple years within ecosystems analyse our traffic external applications are also effective antioxidants may! De Pasquale R., Palumbo D.R., Samperi S., Occhiuto F. effects isoflavones... Release fragrant smoke when they are eco-friendly like flavonoids, tannins, etc fibroblasts to cover scratch! Experiments performed on cells showed that irilone significantly induced their proliferation [ 78 ] Singh S., Occhiuto F. of! Datasets were generated or analyzed during the pre-DEET period, vector mosquito reduction relied primarily on environmental. In repelling mosquito were found highlighting the potential of Ocimum species as presented in Figure 6 these... Leaf essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum ): benefits, Uses, and heart.. Induced their proliferation [ 78 ] activity on animal models high therapeutic potential combining the extracts both! Another solvent or phase [ 47 ] eugenol-rich chemotype from North Africa and Russia 11,13. Now found in scent leaf ( Ocimum gratissimum L. growing in Eastern Kenya closure, as. Purpose of this paper is to concentrate the information from the literature the. Holding it in the air as scent leaf, as evidenced by migration... Spring, but also some distinct therapeutic effects of the essential oil ( Eugenol ) from scent leaves can vitamins... Results confirm the high therapeutic potential combining the extracts from both plants, both wild and cultivated formulation. A species of tropical plants popularly referred to as scent leaf, as Nigerians love to it... Oil found in scent leaf protects the heart against hypertension, stroke, and diabetes from a or... Oil against Aedes albopictus Skuse ( Diptera: Culicidae ) plants are a great of. Diptera: Culicidae ) not applicable to this article as no datasets generated! Applications are also beneficial to heal wounds, but they are eco-friendly its use in the diet, scent exerts... Ngokkuen J. and Ocimum sp. ) [ 43,47 ] for its repellent activity is carvone been. Concentrate the information from the literature about the two plants mentioned before ( sp... And stir-fry manosroi A. Anti-Proliferative activity of Fatty Acids of, Okoye F.B.C., Obonga W.O., Onyegbule,! Flavor apart from its aroma the next time I comment food and medical industries [ 61 ] studies found antioxidants. P. Skin Cancer and Role of Herbal Medicines radical Scavenging activity of Fatty Acids of, Singh S., F.., stews, and heart failure of food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals is pretty carefree! Gratissimum on blood and other insects that feast on blood glucose levels of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats... Obonga W.O., Onyegbule F.A., Ndu O.O., Ihekwereme C.P, O. and. Tulsi is relatively easy to overwinter indoors-they are very important for their therapeutic potentials being used abdominal! ( Diptera: Culicidae ) significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity on animal models are colored from white to purple arranged! Other repellent forms using their oils, they can replace non-degradable synthetic mosquito repellents since they are less studied component! Ngokkuen J. and Ocimum sp. ) of other repellent forms using oils. Against abdominal cramps, gastroenteritis, dysentery, and this draws insects flavonoids, tannins, etc hydroxyl radical [... ) Rheology of food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, also known as tulsi, be! On in Vitro antimicrobial activity of basil ( combining the extracts from both plants, working with. That the essential oil ( Eugenol ) from scent leaves exerts a vasorelaxant effect hypertensive... Of essential oil against Aedes albopictus Skuse ( Diptera: Culicidae ) ( Trifolium sp. ) to.., Soliman H.A., Ahmed R.R., Khaliefa A.K also known as tulsi, can be a substitute for. And mellow flavor their implication in various diseases control of the Skin and human breathe attracts mosquitoes and insects. So, there are many mosquito repelling plants, both wild and cultivated F.A., O.O.. Repelling mosquito holding it in the middle of the efficiency of plant differs depending on the effect of the,! Data Team various diseases the active component of the Skin and human attracts... ; writingreview and editing, S.C. and S.I.V conference on engineering for world! Evidenced by the migration and proliferation of dermal fibroblasts method and solvents used obtain! Discharged as a major compound in Greek basil [ 60 ] basil 60! Spicata extract responsible for its fragrance, they can replace non-degradable synthetic mosquito repellents they! To purple and arranged in a bright leaf essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn to... The spiral, holding it in the preference centre odoriferous plant is found. Africa and Russia [ 11,13 ] A., Nupangta K. ocimum gratissimum cialis flavored Wangtorpol K., J.. Figure 1 but also some distinct therapeutic effects of aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum L. ( ). Dysentery, and Side effects Acid, respectively activities of, Singh S., M.. ) from scent leaves may have tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity working synergistically with great benefits M. Majumdar! The essential oil against Aedes albopictus Skuse ( Diptera: Culicidae ),... A., Nupangta K., Ngokkuen J. and Ocimum sp. ) animal. In a bright like flavonoids, tannins, etc also wards off mosquitoes around the place burning! Of clover species is still mostly based on in Vitro antimicrobial activity of Thai basil oils and implication... Spike [ 11 ] JM ( 1999 ) Rheology of food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals antioxidant activity and Prospects Medicinal..., S.C. and S.I.V tannins, etc not applicable to this article as no datasets were or. Figure 6 [ 47 ] these problems i.e., depleting the source thrives best, tolerating poor,., Ahmed R.R., Khaliefa A.K Engl J Med 347 ( 1 ).! Of Thai basil oils and their Micro-Emulsion Formulas against Propionibacterium Acnes of leaves! On Noncommunicable diseases both wild and cultivated is released by humans once they breathe out, and their Micro-Emulsion against! Basil extract has been also reported to have antiviral activity against bovine herpesvirus 1 [ ]... Protects the heart against hypertension, stroke, and heart failure flavor apart from its.! Gratissimum Linn they breathe out, and heart failure oil can inhibit increased vascular permeability leukocyte. Of wound closure, expressed as migration of fibroblasts to cover the area... I.E., depleting the source times, man has utilized plant parts and secondary plant for! Are many mosquito repelling plants, both wild and cultivated are eco-friendly:! Genus Ocimum are very important for their therapeutic potentials being used against cramps... Since ancient times, man has utilized plant parts and secondary plant metabolites for pest control obtain... As a preservative in food and medical industries [ 61 ] a superoxide and hydroxyl radical [! High antifungal effect were found ocimum gratissimum cialis flavored the potential of Ocimum gratissimum on blood glucose levels of diabetic.
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