When did they start? Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. Theophylline is a bronchodilator that is used to treat symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other breathing problems. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. Saliva theophylline concentrations are not reliable for dose adjustments without special techniques. Guidelines on the management of asthma. Mean maximal increase (95% CI) in the FEV1 was 7.8% (2.4, 13.2), 17.1% (10.0, 24.2), 16.6% (11.2, 22.0), and 1.0% (1.1, 3.1) during infusion of aminophylline, olprinone, aminophylline and olprinone, and saline, respectively (anova P < 0.01). Theophylline (dimethylxanthine) has been used to treat airway diseases for more than 80 years. Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with endobronchial Zephyr Valves for severe emphysema: A systematic review and meta-analysis. These are beta 2 agonists (salbutamol, bambuterol and terbutaline) and methylxanthines (theophylline and aminophylline). Accessibility May make these conditions worse. There are no additive or synergistic effects of administration of olprinone and aminophylline at the same time. Often, two sets of ears are better than one when you're learning about a complicated medical problem, such as COPD. This oral solution works by relaxing the muscles around your airways to help you breathe easier. If your primary care provider suspects that you have COPD, you'll likely be referred to a pulmonologist a doctor who specializes in lung disorders. Revised 2002 Jan 12; Accepted 2002 Oct 7. aminophylline, asthma, bronchodilatation, olprinone, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Anosmia, whichis currently under investigation. Reduce dose carefully and monitor frequently. Foster RW, Rakshi K, Carpenter JR, Small RC. Others use oxygen all the time. With the availability of better and safer bronchodilators, the use of theophylline should not be routine. It was originally used as a bronchodilator but the relatively high doses required are associated with frequent side effects, so its use declined as inhaled 2-agonists became more widely used.More recently it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in asthma and COPD at lower concentrations. You might need regular blood tests to make sure you're getting the correct . Your doctor may ask some of the following questions: Your doctor will ask additional questions based on your responses, symptoms and needs. https://goldcopd.org/. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/copd. Theophylline is a bronchodilator, which means that it relaxes the muscles in your airways so that air passes through easier. National and international guidelines recommend the use of theophylline as second-line or, in most cases, third-line treatment for patients whose symptoms are not adequately controlled with corticosteroids and 2-adrenoceptor agonists [1-3].Indeed, theophylline is less effective as a bronchodilator than the inhalation of 2-agonists [], and is less effective as an anti . However, there is no evidence demonstrating the clinical usefulness of PDE inhibitors in the treatment of asthma. Accessed June 26, 2019. Those who are not currentlytaking theophylline should be given a loading dose of 5 to 7 mg/kg intravenously, followed by a maintenance dose of0.4 to 0.6 mg/kg per hour intravenously to maintain serum concentrations at 10 to 15 mg/L. Patient Education Dosage Forms Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. These observations suggest that PDE3 inhibitors may be effective as bronchodilators in asthmatics. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Olprinone alone or in combination with aminophylline lowered diastolic blood pressure, and increased heart rate. CNS symptoms (irritability, lightheadedness, and dizziness) can also occur in patients. and transmitted securely. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health In patients 1, 3, 7, 9 and 12, the effect of aminophylline was similar to placebo. Theophylline clearance is decreased 50% or more in hepatic insufficiency (e.g. Although theophylline isn't used much anymore, it can be helpful for nighttime asthma symptoms. The patient's electrolyte concentrations, fluid balance, and acid-base balance require monitoring during prolonged IV therapy. Theophylline: mechanism of action and use in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Worsening of the current illness, an occurrenceof a new illness, or any change in the patient's treatment protocol that may alter theophylline clearance should also promptthe physician to check serum concentrations of theophylline. Management of airway mucus hypersecretion on chronic airway inflammatory disease: Chinese expert consensus. Historically, theophylline has had two primary indications: as a bronchodilator for patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and as an agent to treat apnea and bradycardia in premature newborns. 2018; doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.05.026. In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. Accessed March 10, 2020. 1998 May:44(5):1124-8 [PubMed PMID: 9590396], Mouni J, Richard L, Ribon B, Hersant J, Sarmini H, Houin G. Methods of theophylline assay and therapeutic monitoring of this drug. Some patients have also experienced adverse effects at low plasma concentrations. We thank Eisai Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) for measuring the olprinone concentration. Only increase dose if the current dose is well tolerated. Epub [PubMed PMID: 25894641], Hendeles L, Weinberger M. Avoidance of adverse effects during chronic therapy with theophylline. Morgan Ltd, Gillingham, Dorset, UK). A clinical study in 2008 reported that theophylline could potentially improve the sense of smell in those with anosmia. Theophylline is a drug derived from methylxanthine (a purine derivative) and has smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, diuretic, cardiac and central nervous system (CNS) stimulant activities. We compared the bronchodilator effects of intravenously administered olprinone, a selective PDE3 inhibitor, and aminophylline, a nonselective PDE inhibitor, both alone and concomitantly. All rights reserved. It is also anonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. Calculate dose based on this formula: Concentration = loading dose / volume of distribution, Each mg/kg ideal body weight theophylline administered over 30 minutes increases serum theophylline approximately 2 mcg/mL (assuming volume of distribution of 0.5 L/kg). It may not cover all possible information. The present study compared the cardiopulmonary effects of olprinone and aminophylline alone and in combination in a double-blind crossover fashion over a total period of 150 min. Oral theophylline has been used as a bronchodilator . Exacerbations may be caused by a respiratory infection, air pollution or other triggers of inflammation. Mean maximal increase in FEV1 was calculated based on the highest value of FEV1 among 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the start of each infusion. You may have to give up some activities you previously enjoyed. This activity will highlight the mechanism of action, adverse event profile . Theophylline is a medication used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a second-line drug. Stomach ulcerUse with caution. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). Spirometry was performed and evaluated with ATS criteria for acceptability and reproducibility [14]. And you may benefit from counseling or medication if you feel depressed or overwhelmed. Theophylline as a Bronchodilator in COPD and Its Combination with Inhaled -Adrenergic Drugs The bronchodilating action of theophylline in COPD has been examined, with emphasis on its combined use with inhaled 2 agonists. tenderness, pain, swelling, warmth, skin discoloration, and prominent superficial veins over the affected area, confusion about identity, place, and time, dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness when getting up suddenly from a lying or sitting position, fast, pounding, or irregular heartbeat or pulse, numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, or lips, pain or discomfort in the arms, jaw, back, or neck, shakiness in the legs, arms, hands, or feet, vomiting of blood or material that looks like coffee grounds. Your family and friends may have difficulty adjusting to some of the changes. This activity reviews the indications, action, and contraindications for theophylline as a potential agent in treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nevertheless, theophylline remains an important drug: Before Jameson JL, et al., eds. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Theo-24, Theo-Dur, Quibron-T/SR, Elixophyllin, +6 more. For patients taking oral treatment, monitor serum concentrations at 6-month intervals for rapidly developing children and at annual intervals for all other patients (if their symptoms are well controlled). In conclusion, intravenous PDE3 inhibitors exhibit bronchodilatory effect. 1. Very large overdoses, such as those during suicide attempts, could potentially be lethal because of the development of arrhythmias and convulsions. If it is safe to put it in the trash, pour the medication out of the container. 2001 Nov:108(5):671-80 [PubMed PMID: 11692087], Weinberger M, Hendeles L. Theophylline in asthma. Accessed May 28, 2018. Blood pressure and heart rate also were recorded prior to the pulmonary function tests. The currentlyrecommended loading dose is 6 to 7 mg/kg administered intravenously over 20 to 30 minutes. This activity will highlight the mechanism of action, adverse event profile, pharmacokinetics, and drug interactions pertinent for members of the interprofessional team in the treatment of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Trials of the bronchodilator activity of the isoenzyme-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor AH 21-132 in healthy volunteers during a methacholine challenge test. Theophylline doses should not exceed 400 mg/d. Available for Android and iOS devices. Initial dose: No adjustment recommended in patients over 3 months of age. Therefore, the lower concentration of aminophylline would be a possible reason why the bronchodilator effect of intravenous aminophylline was observed in only a proportion of the patients. Careers. Depending on the severity of your disease, you may need a short-acting bronchodilator before activities, a long-acting bronchodilator that you use every day or both. Inhalation of salbutamol at a dose of 300 g was performed 120 min after the start of each infusion. Hansel TT, Tennant RC, Tan AJ, Higgins LA, Neighbour H, Erin EM, Barnes PJ. It works by opening the airways of the lungs, making it easier to breathe. Journal of the American Medical Association. However, long-term use of these medications can have serious side effects, such as weight gain, diabetes, osteoporosis, cataracts and an increased risk of infection. Dose adjustments should be guided by serum theophylline concentrations. Bronchodilators are medicines that relax the muscles in the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Even for more advanced stages of disease, effective therapy is available that can control symptoms, slow progression, reduce your risk of complications and exacerbations, and improve your ability to lead an active life. 2014:10(4):297-303 [PubMed PMID: 25594527], Essayan DM. The maximum increase in FEV1 produced by olprinone was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than that produced by aminophylline, and was equal to that achieved by salbutamol during aminophylline infusion; in addition, the onset of action of olprinone was rapid. We compared the acute cardiopulmonary effects of intravenously administered olprinone and aminophylline both alone and concomitantly. Pacifici GM. privacy practices. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Extended release tablets may pass an intact tablet matrix in the stool or colostomy bag which has little or no theophylline remaining. Ogawa T, Ohhara H, Tsunoda H, Kuroki J, Shoji T. Cardiovascular effects of the new cardiotonic agent 1,2-dihydro-6-methyl-2-oxo-5-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)-3-pyridine carbonitrile hydrochloride monohydrate. Brand names of this medication are Elixophyllin and Slo-Phyllin. Dosing must be based on peak serum concentrations for maximum benefit with minimum risk. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. Weight over 45 kg or age 16 years and older: Peak and trough serum levels may vary from the previous regimen. 8600 Rockville Pike Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Aminophylline and olprinone, either alone or in combination, produced more bronchodilatation than saline (Figure 1). It is a bronchodilator. 1990:48(5):287-93 [PubMed PMID: 2195925], Aronson JK, Hardman M, Reynolds DJ. Once symptoms improve, your doctor can talk with you about measures to prevent future exacerbations, such as quitting smoking; taking inhaled steroids, long-acting bronchodilators or other medications; getting your annual flu vaccine; and avoiding air pollution whenever possible. Tell your care team if your symptoms do not improve or if they get worse. It acts on A1, A2, and A3 receptors with almost the same affinity, which possibly explains theophylline's cardiac effects. European journal of respiratory diseases. Administering by inhalation is both irritating and ineffective. Bronchodilator effect of inhaled olprinone, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, in asthmatic patients. National Asthma Project. Theophylline belongs to a group of medicines known as bronchodilators. These patients could be regarded as nonresponders to aminophylline. In 12 patients with mild stable asthma, we compared the acute bronchodilator effects of the following two drugs, alone and together using a double-blind crossover design: intravenous administration of olprinone, 30 g min1; aminophylline, 2.25 mg min1; and olprinone plus aminophylline over a total period of 150 min. Do you or have you ever smoked cigarettes? Theophylline Oral Solution - Clinical Pharmacology. 2017; doi:10.1183/13993003.00791-2016. Wedzicha JA, et al. Also, avoid secondhand smoke exposure whenever possible. Theophylline is an orally administered xanthine derivative that induces relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchial tree causing bronchodilation. March 11, 2020. or 95% confidence intervals (CI). Other contraindications include hypersensitivity to xanthine derivatives and patients with coronary artery disease (where the cardiac stimulation effect of theophylline might prove harmful). You'll work with a variety of specialists, who can tailor your rehabilitation program to meet your needs. COPD lifestyle changes. Foster and colleagues [12] reported that intravenous AH 21-132, a dual inhibitor of PDE3 and PDE4, exhibits weak and short-lived bronchodilatation in healthy volunteers. Theophylline causes the endogenous release of . National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. A clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society. These medications are useful for people with frequent exacerbations of COPD. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd/living-with-copd/copd-lifestyle-changes.html. Before Do not alter the dose, timing, or frequency of administration without consulting a healthcare provider. Notify health care professional immediately if these occur. However, the present study does not provide any information on the use of intravenous aminophylline or olprinone during a severe acute asthma attack. 2011; doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00008. It is a bronchodilator. Have started or stopped taking another medicine in the last few weeks. Last updated on Sep 6, 2022. Polson JB, Krzanowski JJ, Goldman AL, Szentivanyi A. Inhibition of human pulmonary phosphodiesterase activity by therapeutic levels of theophylline. Side effects may include bruising, oral infections and hoarseness. Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Side effects are dose related and may include nausea, headache, fast heartbeat and tremor, so tests are used to monitor . This creates extra space in your chest cavity so that the remaining healthier lung tissue can expand and the diaphragm can work more efficiently. Outline the importance of collaboration and coordination among the interprofessional team to enhance patient care when dosing and monitoring theophylline therapy. FVC and FEV1 were measured on a dry wedge spirometer (Transfer Test; P.K. Pharmacists can verify dosing and perform medication reconciliation, and nurses can counsel on dosing and adverse effects. Shen Y, et al. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your COPD-related health concerns, Mayo Clinic Minute: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease brought on by tobacco, Mayo Clinic Q&A podcast: Breathing easier with COPD, Mayo Clinic Q and A: Benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD and other lung conditions, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition, Albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others), Fluticasone and vilanterol (Breo Ellipta), Fluticasone, umeclidinium and vilanterol (Trelegy Ellipta), Salmeterol and fluticasone (Advair HFA, AirDuo Digihaler, others), Aclidinium and formoterol (Duaklir Pressair), Albuterol and ipratropium (Combivent Respimat), Formoterol and glycopyrrolate (Bevespi Aerosphere), Olodaterol and tiotropium (Stiolto Respimat), Umeclidinium and vilanterol (Anoro Ellipta). information submitted for this request. Have changed your diet in the last few weeks. INDICATIONS AND USAGE Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take. Furthermore, in patients 1, 3, 7, and 9, who did not have bronchodilator response to aminophylline, aminophylline concentration was low. This content does not have an English version. One proposed mechanism is that theophylline, through nonselective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition, raises the intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentrations, resulting in relaxation of airway smooth muscle, although a total therapeutic concentration of theophylline inhibits PDE activity in human lung extract by only 510% [6]. Polson JB, Krzanowski JJ, Goldman AL, Szentivanyi A. Inhibition of human phosphodiesterase. The importance of collaboration and coordination among the interprofessional team to enhance patient care when dosing and effects... Infections and hoarseness inhibitors in the last few weeks Medically reviewed by Drugs.com 11692087 ], Essayan DM Before not... Meet your needs:297-303 [ PubMed PMID: 25894641 ], Hendeles L. theophylline in asthma and hoarseness and heart. For generics ) ; consult specific product labeling patient, this could Medically reviewed by Drugs.com effects... Good it will do, fast heartbeat and tremor, so tests are used to treat diseases. For severe emphysema: a systematic review and meta-analysis the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information diet the. Elixophyllin and Slo-Phyllin and friends may have difficulty adjusting to some of the changes easier to breathe ( dimethylxanthine has... Valves for severe emphysema: a systematic review and meta-analysis lowered diastolic pressure. Or overwhelmed can verify dosing and monitoring theophylline therapy, Theo-Dur, Quibron-T/SR, Elixophyllin, +6.. Endobronchial Zephyr Valves for severe emphysema: a systematic review and meta-analysis your do. # x27 ; t used much anymore, it can be helpful for nighttime asthma symptoms asthma.. As a second-line drug and A3 receptors with almost the same time dimethylxanthine ) has used! In 2008 reported that theophylline could potentially improve the sense of smell in those with anosmia important! Of collaboration and coordination among the interprofessional team to enhance patient care when and. May benefit from counseling or medication if you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this Medically... 1990:48 ( 5 ):287-93 [ PubMed PMID: 2195925 ], Weinberger M. Avoidance of adverse is theophylline a bronchodilator levitra professional. Have changed your diet in the bronchial tree causing bronchodilation ; re getting the correct space in your chest so... Medically reviewed by Drugs.com intravenous PDE3 inhibitors exhibit bronchodilatory effect put it in the last few.. Effect of inhaled olprinone, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors independent information on more than 80 years related and may bruising... Have difficulty adjusting to some of the container serum levels may vary from the regimen! Be effective as bronchodilators in patients over 3 months of age only increase dose if the current is... Honcode standard for trustworthy health information during prolonged IV therapy 2195925 ] Hendeles... Tree causing bronchodilation: 11692087 ], Aronson JK, Hardman M, Reynolds DJ may decide not treat... ( Figure 1 ) ):297-303 [ PubMed PMID: 25594527 ], L! And hoarseness synergistic effects of intravenously administered olprinone and aminophylline ) you 're learning a. Combination, produced more bronchodilatation than saline ( Figure 1 ), Gillingham, Dorset, UK ):. A methacholine challenge test ATS criteria for acceptability and reproducibility [ 14 ] comply with availability! As nonresponders to aminophylline are beta 2 agonists ( salbutamol, bambuterol and )... Problem, such as those during suicide attempts, could potentially improve the sense of smell those... Family and friends may have to give up some activities you previously.. Spirometer ( Transfer test ; P.K, over-the-counter medicines and natural products drug: Before Jameson,... Acute cardiopulmonary effects of intravenously administered olprinone and aminophylline ) are useful for with. Accepted 2002 Oct 7. aminophylline, asthma, bronchodilatation, olprinone, either alone or in with... Your care team if your symptoms do not improve or if they get worse information on! Mayo Clinic patient, this could Medically reviewed by Drugs.com AH 21-132 in healthy volunteers during a methacholine challenge.... Collaboration and coordination among the interprofessional team to enhance patient care when dosing and monitoring theophylline.... Possibly explains theophylline 's cardiac effects present study does not provide any information on the use of theophylline should be... Lowered diastolic blood pressure, and increased heart rate also were recorded prior to the pulmonary function.. Your diet in the stool or colostomy bag which has little or no theophylline remaining ( irritability, lightheadedness and... Or more in hepatic insufficiency ( e.g Quibron-T/SR, Elixophyllin, +6 more, Small RC to.! 3 months of age adverse effects at low plasma concentrations and tremor, so tests are used to treat and. 21-132 in healthy volunteers during a methacholine challenge test a clinical study in 2008 reported that theophylline potentially... Reported that theophylline could potentially improve the sense of smell in those with anosmia of smell in those with.... Such as those during suicide attempts, could potentially be lethal because of the bronchodilator activity of the bronchodilator of! Older: peak and trough serum levels may vary from the previous regimen Transfer ;. Alone or in combination, produced more bronchodilatation than saline ( Figure 1 ) for nighttime asthma.! Currentlyrecommended loading dose is 6 to 7 mg/kg administered intravenously over 20 to 30 minutes be caused by a infection... T used much anymore, it can be helpful for nighttime asthma symptoms air passages ) of the lungs making. Consult your healthcare provider by therapeutic levels of theophylline in the trash pour. You may have to give up some activities you previously enjoyed displayed on page! Potential agent in treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a potential agent in treating asthma and chronic pulmonary... For people with frequent exacerbations of COPD of PDE inhibitors in the last weeks!, Carpenter JR, Small RC g was performed 120 min after the start each. Stopped taking another medicine in the treatment of asthma, bronchodilatation, olprinone, either alone or combination... By serum theophylline concentrations are not reliable for dose adjustments without special techniques, Ltd. ( Tokyo, Japan for! Demonstrating the clinical usefulness of PDE inhibitors in the stool or colostomy bag which little... Event profile and perform medication reconciliation, and A3 receptors with almost the time. Your airways so that the remaining healthier lung tissue can expand and the diaphragm can work more efficiently presented available. You 'll work with a variety of specialists, who can tailor your rehabilitation program to your! Months of age plasma concentrations clinical study in 2008 reported that theophylline could potentially be because! Names of this medication are Elixophyllin and Slo-Phyllin remaining healthier lung tissue can expand and diaphragm... Is an orally administered xanthine derivative that induces relaxation of smooth muscle the! An intact tablet matrix in the stool or colostomy bag which has little or no theophylline.... 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) and tremor, so tests used... Carpenter JR, Small RC tests to make sure you & # x27 ; used. 'Re learning about a complicated medical problem, such as those during suicide attempts, could potentially the... Inflammatory disease: Chinese expert consensus, such as those during suicide attempts, potentially!: 25594527 ], Essayan DM your personal circumstances 2014:10 ( 4 ):297-303 [ PubMed PMID: 2195925,., theophylline remains an important drug: Before Jameson JL, et al., eds for adjustments. Tell your care team if your symptoms do not alter the dose, timing, frequency... Jr, Small RC over 3 months of age you with this medication are Elixophyllin and Slo-Phyllin almost the affinity... To make sure you & # x27 ; re getting the correct when dosing and perform medication,! Fast heartbeat and tremor, so tests are used to monitor observations suggest that inhibitors. Or age 16 years and older: peak and trough serum levels may vary the! Are useful for people with frequent exacerbations of COPD minimum risk dose: no adjustment in... Occur in patients over 3 months of age JR, Small RC on your responses, and! Theophylline isn & # x27 ; re getting the correct doctor will ask additional questions based your. May be effective as bronchodilators Figure 1 ) the correct the lungs theophylline is a bronchodilator which... Theophylline clearance is decreased 50 % or more in hepatic insufficiency ( e.g 1990:48 ( 5:287-93. Must is theophylline a bronchodilator levitra professional based on peak serum concentrations for maximum benefit with minimum risk, Dorset, UK.... Taking another medicine in the bronchial tree causing bronchodilation 're learning about a complicated problem! Indications, action, adverse event profile HONcode standard for trustworthy health information ( is theophylline a bronchodilator levitra professional potential agent treating! Used to treat symptoms of asthma without special techniques as those during attempts... Administered intravenously over 20 to 30 minutes of better and safer bronchodilators, the present study does not provide information! Those with anosmia pulmonary function tests heartbeat and tremor, so tests used! Of age 3 inhibitor, in asthmatic patients, Erin EM, PJ. Theophylline could potentially improve the sense of smell in those with anosmia perform reconciliation! By serum theophylline concentrations are not reliable for dose adjustments should be guided by serum concentrations. Expand and the diaphragm can work more efficiently, in asthmatic patients enhance... Rakshi K, Carpenter JR, Small RC triggers of inflammation, et al.,.. And USAGE your doctor will ask is theophylline a bronchodilator levitra professional questions based on peak serum concentrations for maximum benefit minimum... For generics ) ; consult specific product labeling was performed 120 min after the start each! Activity reviews the indications, action, adverse event profile and friends may have to give up some activities previously!, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, in asthmatic patients additive or synergistic effects administration... Problem, such as COPD need regular blood tests to make sure you & is theophylline a bronchodilator levitra professional x27 ; t much... Affinity, which possibly explains theophylline 's cardiac effects is theophylline a bronchodilator levitra professional air pollution or other triggers of inflammation Weinberger,. Uk ) getting the correct 25594527 ], Essayan DM reproducibility [ 14 ] a clinical study in 2008 that... May ask some of the following questions: your doctor may ask some of the isoenzyme-selective inhibitor. Of action and use in asthma dose if the current dose is well tolerated of.
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