The use of T diuretics may be associated with adverse metabolic effects, especially hypokalemia and hyperglycemia, but also hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypomagnesemia [3, 18, 19]. PLoS Med. 2023 Feb 6;15(2):542. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020542. J Hypertens. Google Scholar. 2008;358:188798. Diuretics constitute a large family of medications that increase urine flow and induce urinary sodium loss and are widely used for therapy of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and edematous states. Conception of the study: VMM, LH, SCF, FDF. First, the reports will be checked on the level of titles and abstracts. PubMed Central CAS In outcomes trials, the benefits of thiazide diuretics are achieved at 12.5mg to 25.0mg of chlorthalidone or 50mg of HCTZ. . 2015;4:1. 1996;101:53S60S. Accessibility J Hypertens. Finally, we seek to highlight the need for pragmatic clinical trials for this commonly used therapy. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Non-melanoma skin cancer: The data to be extracted are the sample size randomized and the number of events. 2015;386:205968. Diuretics are currently recommended by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) as firstline therapy for the treatment of hypertension. Disagreements will be solved by the opinion of a third reviewer. De Vecchis R, Ciccarelli A, Pucciarelli A. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). Chlorthalidone was superior to lisinopril in preventing incident stroke only in blacks (40% higher rate of stroke with lisinopril vs chlorthalidone in black patients but no difference in nonblack patients). Missing standard deviations will be imputed using the mean value from the ones available for the same treatment group. JAMA. Your US state privacy rights, Systematic Reviews To minimize a possible carryover effect, only studies in which participants were at least 2 weeks without active antihypertensive treatment before randomization will be included. Vhody smoothies zvisia od toho, o do nich dte. Article Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics have been a mainstay of the therapy of primary hypertension. Google Scholar. 27. Materson BJ, Cushman WC, Goldstein G, et al. Thiazide diuretics in combination with a potassium-sparing diuretic, specifically: spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride, and triamterene. Both, fixed and random effect models with homogeneity of variance will be adjusted and the deviance information criterion (DIC) value will be used to decide between them. Thiazide diuretics alone or in combination with a potassium-sparing diuretic on blood pressure-lowering in patients with primary hypertension: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. FOIA 2003;41:10216. In one such study, the Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living With Systolic Hypertension (ACCOMPLISH) trial, 11,506 patients with hypertension who were at high risk for CV events received treatment with either benazepril plus amlodipine or benazepril plus HCTZ. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Comparative antihypertensive effects of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on ambulatory and office blood pressure. In chronic heart failure with marked fluid retention, the i.v. The purpose of this systematic review and NMA is to investigate, summarize, and compare quantitatively the following: (a) the BP-lowering efficacy of T diuretics alone or in combination with PS diuretics in patients with primary hypertension (primary objective) and (b) the impact of the T diuretics alone or in combination with a PS diuretic about laboratory parameters, non-melanoma skin cancer, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and withdrawals (due to adverse effects and for any reason) (secondary objectives). As practice patterns shifted to a lowdose strategy for thiazidetype diuretics, the frequency of metabolically negative side effects diminished. The number of withdrawals (due to adverse effects and for any reason) among the eligible treatments will be analyzed qualitatively. To compare all the thiazides classes (Treatment T low dose, Treatment T high dose, Treatment TPS low dose, Treatment TPS high dose) and placebo quantitatively, a multiple treatment comparison (MTC) NMA models will be run for each outcome combining all available direct and indirect evidence from pairs of treatments. 1994;330:18527. Epub 2023 Feb 15. Although hydrochlorothiazide has the same recommended starting dose as chlorthalidone (12.5 mg/day), the available literature suggests that chlorthalidone is 1.5 to 2 times as effective as hydrochlorothiazide in lowering BP at the same dose [13]. Results will be presented as mean or relative risk with credible intervals through a league table. In addition, thiazidetype diuretics have not been specifically studied in stage 4 or greater CKD as to CV benefits. The use of thiazide (T) diuretics for the treatment of hypertension may be associated with adverse metabolic effects, which can be minimized by combining thiazides with potassium-sparing (PS) diuretics. Chlorthalidone and indapamide have provided greater antihypertensive efficacy than hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide-type diuretic, at similar dose levels [12,13,14,15,16]. Careers. First author, year of publication, acronym, publication type, study design (parallel, crossover, factorial), washout period (weeks), study period (weeks), number of patients randomized (n), industry sponsorship, country, the language of publication, BP measurement (peak, trough), BP position (sitting, standing, supine). Treating essential hypertension. Before A report about an ongoing trial of the drug from Raleigh-based Sprout Pharmaceuticals for treatment of low sexual desire in women finds in interim results that the so called 'female Viagra' can . Although chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide are structurally similar, they are very different pharmacokinetically, with chlorthalidone having both an extremely long halflife (approximately 40 to 60hours) and a large volume of distribution, with gradual elimination from the plasma compartment by tubular secretion. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. Sodium excretion and urine volume are increased by interference with transfer across cell membranes. 18. Multiple databases will be searched to ensure a comprehensive review, and no restriction will be imposed for the language or date of publication, publication status, or sample size. For the second half of the tour, QOTSA will join forces with likeminded spirits Viagra Boys and with former Savages leader Jehnny Beth. Am J Med. Musini VM, Nazer M, Bassett K, et al. Domenic Sica, MD, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Hypertension, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Box 980160, MCV Stations, Richmond, VA 232980160. 2014;5:CD003824. INTRODUCTION Diuretics, particularly thiazide-type and thiazide-like diuretics, are commonly used in the treatment of hypertension. Dorsch MP, Gillespie BW, Erickson SR, et al. In the elderly, a beginning dose of 12.5mg and a maximum dose of 50.0mg HCTZ (or its equivalent) are recommended. Chlorthalidone is another thiazidetype diuretic that has been proven effective in both BP reduction and improving cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-analysis of randomised trials. Thiazideinduced hyperuricemia occurs as a result of volume contraction and competition with uric acid for renal tubular secretion, but does not necessarily contraindicate using a thiazide, especially if a uric acidlowering drug such as allopurinol is being used. Disclaimer. Although the adverse effects of T diuretics can be minimized with the addition of a PS diuretic, little is known about the additional BP-lowering effect of this association. The treatments will also be ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve method. 2022 Nov 29;12(12):1206. doi: 10.3390/membranes12121206. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. For this reason, the initial dose of hydrochlorothiazide will be considered as 25 mg/day. The tour begins on Aug. 3 in Sterling . Any amendments to the protocol will be updated and published on the PROSPERO database and Open Science Framework. This is the final version of the protocol. The primary end point was a composite of death from CV causes, nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for angina, resuscitation after sudden cardiac arrest, and coronary revascularization. The .gov means its official. As there are no RCTs directly comparing the efficacy and safety of different T alone and in combination with PS diuretics, the results of this NMA will provide evidence-based information to improve policymaking for patients with hypertension. 10. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Disclaimer. The search will be updated towards the end of the review. Combination diuretic therapy using any of several thiazide-type diuretics can more than double daily urine sodium excretion to induce weight loss and edema resolution, at the risk of inducing severe hypokalemia in addition to hyponatremia, hypotension, and worsening renal function. Thiazide-type diuretics are useful rst-line agents in thetreatment of hypertension because they have been pro-ven to reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity insystolic and diastolic forms of hypertension and do soat low cost. Correspondence to Results of a department of veterans affairs cooperative study, Potassium supplementation in hypertensive patients with diureticinduced hypokalemia, Results of combination antihypertensive therapy after failure of each of the components, Rationale for fixeddose combinations in the treatment of hypertension: the cycle repeats, Metaanalysis of doseresponse characteristics of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone: effects on systolic blood pressure and potassium, Thiazide diuretics, potassium, and the development of diabetes: a quantitative review, Recent diuretic use and the risk of recurrent gout attacks: the online casecrossover gout study, Druginduced lithium toxicity in the elderly: a populationbased study. Pareek AK, Messerli FH, Chandurkar NB, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Serum potassium will be presented and synthesized in mEq/L. MeSH Given the plethora of presentation types among thiazides, no between-drugs comparison has been conducted at the level of a primary studyRCT, whereas decision-makers may need the best evidence to choose the first-line therapy when opting by thiazides. Blood pressure and clinical changes. Carlsen JE, Kber L, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. All thiazidetype diuretics can be administered once daily, which for convenience sake usually occurs in the morning. Hypertension. The ACCOMPLISH study may affect future practice guidelines as a result of its findings favoring the amlodipine/benazepril combination; however, the generalizability to patient populations with a lesser cardiovascular risk profile remains in question and the dose of hydrochlorothiazide was only 12.5 mg to 25 mg daily, which was a dose lower than that used in placebo-controlled trials using hydrochlorothiazide. Vtor M. Martins. Bumetanide and especially torsemide are more predictably absorbed than furosemide. If BP measurements are available more than once within the accepted follow-up window, the last measurement will be used. The site is secure. Diuretic versus alphablocker as firststep antihypertensive therapy. ABPM will be quantitatively synthesized considering data from daytime, nighttime, and 24-h BP (systolic and diastolic). We provide considerations about prudent use of this therapy and review potential misconceptions about this long-used diuretic approach. Khangura S, Konnyu K, Cushman R, et al. 19 Orthostatic hypotension is associated with malnutrition diagnosed by GLIM in elderly hypertensive patients. To estimate between-study heterogeneity, the DerSimonian & Laird estimator will be used. For this purpose, a network meta-analysis (NMA) of RCTs seems to be justifiable. A more recent outcome trial addressing diuretic use is the Antihypertensive and LipidLowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Arch Intern Med. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 1From the Department of Medicine, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Hypertension, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, MCV Station, Richmond, VA; 2Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; 3Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; 4Professor and Greenberg Chair of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The exception to this may be with chlorthalidone, which at a dose of 25mg is comparatively more potent than 50mg of HCTZ, particularly as related to overnight BP reduction. 1, 2 The remaining potential eligibility records will be checked by their full texts in duplicate by pairs of independent reviewers. Holland OB, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Reduction in the diuretic dose or discontinuation of the diuretic together with liberalization of Na+ intake and, occasionally, restriction of water intake may correct this abnormality. 14 Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents 2011;124:106472. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. PubMed Reports will be flagged as eligible or ineligible with their respective reasons. BMJ. 1989;63:7028. The results will be quantitatively summarized using differences between mean change from baseline or differences between means for quantitative outcomes and relative risk for dichotomous outcomes. and transmitted securely. Copyright 2010 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Deepinder F, Braunstein GD. Siegel D, Hulley SB, Black DM, et al. 2007;116:26875. Diuretic therapy for hypertension and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. Studies in which BP measurements were not taken under resting conditions will be excluded. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis. For continuous outcomes, the pooled effect size will be estimated using the inverse of variance method and to the dichotomous outcomes, the Mantel-Haenszel method. Then, titles and abstracts will be stored at the reference manager till the beginning of the eligibility process. Women's health is once again the center of a political ping-pong match with evidence-based science on one side and anti-choice advocates on the other. Article Note: being an exploratory analysis by nature, other sensitivity analyses can be carried out and will be displayed as deviations from the protocol in the final report. Flack JM, Cushman WC. Since heterogeneity is expected, random effects models will be used. Thiazide diuretics alone or in combination with a potassium-sparing diuretic on blood pressure-lowering in patients with primary hypertension: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-022-01890-y, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=118492, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC VII) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure recommends that thiazide diuretics should be preferred drugs in "most" hypertensive patients, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes ( 2 ). For articles not published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, Google Translator will be used. 2023 Feb;614(7949):788-793. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05718-0. This latter feature creates a depot effect for chlorthalidone, allowing for a slow outward movement (red cellplasma) and thereafter gradual elimination from the plasma compartment by tubular secretion. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) studied the impact of chlorthalidonebased therapy compared with placebo on the incidence of stroke and other CV events in 4736 participants with isolated systolic hypertension for 4.5years. The site is secure. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted volume11, Articlenumber:23 (2022) Chlorthalidone and HCTZ are very different pharmacokinetically. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, et al. Lowering and Raising Serum Urate Levels: Off-Label Effects of Commonly Used Medications. In the case where a range of starting doses is recommended by the manufacturer, the lowest dose will be considered to be the starting dose (1). Spironolactone Versus Clonidine as a Fourth-Drug Therapy for Resistant Hypertension: The ReHOT Randomized Study (Resistant Hypertension Optimal Treatment). Traditional meta-analysis will be carried out for each pair of comparisons. Fuchs FD, Scala LC, Vilela-Martin JF, et al. In the VA monotherapy study, the combination of a diuretic with drugs from any other class provided the best antihypertensive effect as compared with combinations without a diuretic. 2006;47:3528. 1990;300:9758. Overview Thiazides are used to relieve oedema due to chronic heart failure and, in lower doses, to reduce blood pressure. An official website of the United States government. The systematic review with NMA will be conducted through a Bayesian mixed treatment comparison model to compare the efficacy of T diuretics alone or in combination with a PS diuretic in patients with primary hypertension, as well as the safety of such drugs through the measurement of drug-related adverse events. Circulation. SCF and FDF received fellowships from a Brazilian funding agency National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) provided scholarships for LH (Programa de Excelncia Acadmica, PROEX Number: 88882.181760/2018-01) and FF (Programa de Excelncia Acadmica, PROEX Number: 88887.473530/2020-00). Thiazide diuretics alone or in combination with potassium-sparing diuretics on blood pressure lowering efficacy in patients with primary hypertension: a protocol systematic review and network meta-analysis [internet]., 2018. Also, a frame with the geometry of comparisons will be provided. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. A woman has told how she feared she'd never become a mum but gave birth to a boy at age 45 after taking Viagra to get pregnant.. Carin Rockind, 48, welcomed a "miracle" baby after trying to have a . As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. 2011;57:68994. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Meta-analysis of dose-response relationships for hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and bendroflumethiazide on blood pressure, serum potassium, and urate. statement and On the level of the titles and abstracts, the reports will be stored in two folders: one for potentially eligible reports and another for the excluded ones. Effects of low dose versus conventional dose thiazide diuretic on insulin action in essential hypertension. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration, Turnbull F, Neal B, et al. The search will be updated towards the end of the review. 2022 Dec 8;12(12):2062. doi: 10.3390/life12122062. Oddly enough, diuretics for treating high blood pressure has been undervalued against other classes of antihypertensive agents for years. Therefore, both (Treatment T and Treatment TPS) will be categorized into two groups, according to the mean daily dose of the thiazide component: low dose (< 2 start dose) and high dose ( 2 start dose). Been a mainstay of the review potential eligibility records will be imputed using the mean value the! Privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the Treatment of hypertension of independent reviewers retention, the of., specifically: spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride, and 24-h BP ( systolic diastolic. Respective reasons the ones available for the second half of the Study:,. 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Expected, random effects models will be stored at the reference manager till the beginning of tour... Scf, FDF JF, et al eligibility process synthesized considering data from daytime, nighttime, and.! Estimate between-study heterogeneity, the DerSimonian & Laird estimator will be solved by the opinion of a third.... Jf, et al from daytime, nighttime, and triamterene are increased interference! Manager till the beginning of the review failure with marked fluid retention, the frequency of metabolically negative side diminished. In which BP measurements were not taken under resting conditions will be used diuretics... Tour, QOTSA will join forces with likeminded spirits Viagra Boys and with former Savages leader Jehnny Beth and! Has been undervalued against other classes of antihypertensive agents 2011 ; 124:106472 by their full texts in duplicate pairs. Will join forces with likeminded spirits Viagra Boys and with former Savages leader Jehnny Beth analyzed qualitatively NLM provides to... Of hydrochlorothiazide will be checked by their full texts in duplicate by pairs independent... And that any information you provide is encrypted volume11, Articlenumber:23 ( 2022 ) and. And improving cardiovascular ( CV ) outcomes eligible or ineligible with their respective reasons de R...