The pharmacokinetic profile of acyclovir is similar for both administrations. This review discusses the mechanism driving ACV's ability to inhibit viral coding, starting from its development and pharmacology. worked in the toxicity of pseudoboehmite experiments. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.727-728.1795 (2012). All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. Article A comprehensive summary of the existing preparation methods and synthetic materials, such as 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide, guanine and its derivatives, and other purine derivatives, is presented to elucidate the preparation of ACV in detail. HPLC-fluorescence assay for acyclovir in children. It is widely and extensively used against herpes simplex virus (HSV), herpes simplex, and varicella-zoster virus. This achieves the therapeutic effect. Fotis, C.; Antoranz, A.; Hatziavramidis, D.; Sakellaropoulos, T.; Alexopoulos, L.G. The gavage was made in a separate room. Choucha Snouber, L.; Bunescu, A.; Naudot, M.; Legallais, C.; Brochot, C.; Dumas, M.E. Samples were prepared at 37C for 24h in cell culture medium (DMEM+10% FBS+100U/mL penicillin+100g/mL streptomycin) at a concentration range of 010mg/mL under orbital shaking (100rpm). After intracellular uptake, it is converted to acyclovir monophosphate by virally-encoded thymidine kinase. It is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics that interfere with fungal cell synthesis by inhibition of beta (1,3) D-glucan synthase. Castro, A.A.; Cordoves, A.I. ; Wu, Z.H. Results were reported as viability percentage as compared to the negative control (100% viability), according to Eq. Liu, H.; Pan, W.; Ke, P.; Dong, Y.; Ji, L. Preparation and evaluation of a novel gastric mucoadhesive sustained-release acyclovir microsphere. A convenient synthesis of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (acyclovir) and related compounds Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). A study by Yan et al. Chen, Y.; Kirchmair, J. Cheminformatics in natural product-based drug discovery. The whole box was taken, and the mice received gavage one by one. Adv. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive A Gen. 167(2), 203213. Ultrapure water was prepared using a Milli-Q Academic water-purification system (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). Bahrami, G.; Mirzaeei, S.; Kiani, A. Article Last updated on Dec 14, 2022. 5) shows the characteristic type IV isotherm47. These authors contribute equally to this paper. The aluminium nitrate solution was dropped over an ammonium hydroxide solution with constant stirring to obtain a gel. 3, 104114. ; Zheng, X.; Zhang, G.; Fang, Q. Moreover, a spray of ACV formed in situ does not contaminate clothing such that would cause the loss of liquid medicine. PubMed Central ACV, as an effective and selective antiviral drug, is one of the most common drugs in the worldwide pharmaceutical market. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for valacyclovir established based on absolute expression quantity of hPEPT1 and its application. According to a recent report by Sadjadi [. Similarly, its principles require certain types of mobile phase and other conditions to perform [, Unfortunately, those methods with quadrupole MS instruments suffered from high background signals since the endogenous peaks were eluted during the chromatographic separation. At the end of the procedure, they returned to the vivarium to wait for the time interval between gavage and euthanasia. ACV can also be made into a spray, formed in situ with more uniform coating and more adjustable dosage. Viral replication relies on nucleotides supplied by host cells as the raw material for viral DNA or RNA synthesis. For the calibration curve, the acyclovir stock solution was diluted with deionized water to obtain the different working solutions ranging from 20 to 2170gL1. ; Hajian, G.; Szczech, G.M. Yamauchi, P.) (Springer, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.030 (2018). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 3-D culture in synthetic extracellular matrices: New tissue models for drug toxicology and cancer drug discovery. Development of pseudoboehmites for nanosystems to release acyclovir. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94325-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94325-y. Caco-2 cell line (ATCC) was used at passages 3540 and maintained at 37C, 5% CO2 and 90% RH in culture medium (changed twice weekly). ; Zhu, J.B.; Chen, X.J. ADS The pseudoboehmite sample was used to obtain the nitrogen adsorption isotherm and to evaluate its specific surface area. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly https://doi.org/10.1021/la101266d (2010). Symptoms of ED include. A quantity of 0.013g of sample was placed in an open alumina crucible and the DTA-TG measurements were carried out simultaneously. Zheng, L.; Chen, W.; Deng, X.; Gu, C.; Han, B. Meng, J.-B. Google Scholar. The column temperature was maintained at 25C during the analysis. How is this medicine (Acyclovir Ointment) best taken? 51318, Zhuzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (2020, No. Med. To address the toxicological studies of ACV and the challenge of how ACV can be safely administered, existing analytical methods for ACV, such as spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), electrochemical sensors, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and flow injectionchemiluminescence (FI-CL) are reviewed. B 173, 623631. Marks, D.S. Development and validation of a new spectrophotometric method for the determination of acyclovir. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. The retention time of acyclovir was around 4.7min. Hetero-nanostructured iron oxide and bentonite clay composite assembly for the determination of an antiviral drug acyclovir. Control. Acyclovir is phosphorylated to the active triphosphate metabolite that inhibits viral DNA synthesis (Figure 1). 9, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00008 (2019). Analysis of acyclovir solutions of the calibration curve and Wistar rat blood samples: a volume of 40L was injected into the HPLC system for analysis of 1.5mL serum samples, after centrifugation (5min at 6000g) and being filtered in a 0.45m syringe filter (Chromafil Xtra Pa-45/25). Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Hortncio Munhoz, A. Jr. et al. Stock solutions of acyclovir (0.217mgmL1) were prepared by dissolving the drug in deionized Methanol: H2O (50:50, v/v) and stored in a refrigerator at 4C. ; Amirian, J.; Stadler, F.J.; Du, B.; Zhu, Y. Oxidized chitosan modified electrospun scaffolds for controllable release of acyclovir. ; Teng, Y.; Liu, M.; Zhang, Y. Acyclovir (Zovirax) is an antiviral medication that stops a protein (an enzyme called DNA polymerase) in the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The concentration of acyclovir was measured by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system (Jasco). Magesa, F.; Wu, Y.; Dong, S.; Tian, Y.; Li, G.; Vianney, J.M. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Stulzer, H. K. et al. PubMed Beauchamp, L.M. Wu, Y.; Deng, P.; Tian, Y.; Ding, Z.; Li, G.; Liu, J.; Zuberi, Z.; He, Q. Technol. The proportion used was 1mL of water for 100mg pseudoboehmite and 5.4mg acyclovir. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20692 (2006). (IUPAC) 57(4), 603619. Polymer material quickly forms a slow-release film in situ after the spray contacts skin, evaporating the solvent, so that ACV is slowly released, topically. Various kinds of chromogenic reactions exist, including complexation reaction, redox reaction, condensation reaction, etc. Acyclovir (ACV) is an effective and selective antiviral drug, and the study of its toxicology and the use of appropriate detection techniques to control its toxicity at safe levels are extremely important for medicine efforts and human health. Google Scholar. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Moroz, E. M. et al. Compared with the traditional analytical methods, the electrochemical analysis method has the advantages of simple operation, high sensitivity, low detection limit, quick response and easy in situ online detection. Description and Brand Names. The FT-IR spectra of the pseudoboehmite sample show a very strong and broadband centred at approximately 3400cm1 with no shoulders. Am. Long, X.; Chen, F. Flow-injection chemiluminescence determination of acyclovir. The DTA and TG analysis of pseudoboehmite containing acyclovir (Fig. Brand Name To be determined (original brand name was not accepted by the Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology) Generic Name acyclovir, hydrocortisone : Reviewer Stanley Au, Pharm.D., BCPS : Clinical Pharmacology Team Leader Kellie S. Reynolds, Pharm.D. After that, the acyclovir was added, and the mixture was homogenized at high speed for 2min to promote the adsorption of the drug in the nanoparticles. Baumrin, E. et al. Sahu, P.K. Kelley, L.A.; Sternberg, M.J. ; de Miranda, P.; Szczech, G.M. Typical chromatograms of serum samples, without and with pseudoboehmite, are shown in Fig. interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. Each 500-mg vial contains 500 mg of acyclovir and 49 mg of sodium, and ; Tiwari, A.K. Dis. The discovery of acyclovir, 9-[(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)methyl] guanine (ACV) as a selective antiherpes agent heralded a new era in antiviral chemotherapy (Elion et al., 1977). Zaenudin, M.; Situmorang, A.; Supandi, S. Optimization and Validation Methods for Assay of Acyclovir Cream Determination by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. It slows the growth and spread of the herpes virus to help the body fight the infection. SWISS-MODEL: An automated protein homology-modeling server. 60, 309319 (1938). Synergistic penetration of ethosomes and lipophilic prodrug on the transdermal delivery of acyclovir. Article The DTA and the TG were also used for the characterization of the pure acyclovir and the acyclovir pseudoboehmite sample. ; Schloemer, G.C. At present, with the advantages of low cost, simple preparation, being more environmentally friendly, specificity, affinity, high selectivity and having high stability for the target analyte, MIPs are widely used in chemical sensors, solid-phase extraction, artificial antibodies and other fields [, In addition to the above construction methods, using MAA as the functional monomer, EGDMA as the crosslinking agent and AIBN as the initiator is a typical method to construct a molecular imprint. ; Naik, R.R. Maes, A.; Garr, B.; Desmet, N.; van der Meulen, K.; Nauwynck, H.; De Backer, P.; Croubels, S. Determination of acyclovir in horse plasma and body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with fluorescence detection and heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. ; Bahinski, A.; Huh, D. Organs-on-chips at the frontiers of drug discovery. Construction of effective electrochemical sensor for the determination of quinoline yellow based on different morphologies of manganese dioxide functionalized graphene. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216566, Wei, Yan-Ping, Liang-Yuan Yao, Yi-Yong Wu, Xia Liu, Li-Hong Peng, Ya-Ling Tian, Jian-Hua Ding, Kang-Hua Li, and Quan-Guo He. Severe herpes zoster requiring intravenous antiviral treatment in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients on standard acyclovir prophylaxis. future research directions and describes possible research applications. Tong, P.; Shao, S.; Zhang, Y.M. Parenteral Acyclovir therapy for herpesvirus infections in man. Similarly, ACV, the antiviral nucleoside drug, as the raw material for viral replication is converted to its monophosphate derivatives by TK, which is a reaction/process that does not occur to any significant extent in uninfected cells (, With the advantages of low toxicity, good tolerability, high efficiency and broad spectrum, ACV is in great demand in the market and therefore the exploration of its chemical synthesis methods has been widely reported. worked in DTA/TG, SEM, nitrogen adsorption isotherm, zeta potential analysis. Yang, X.; He, Y.; Wu, Z.; Feng, B.; Gao, Y. Desloratadine Citrate Disodium Freeze-Dried Oral Instant Tablets and Preparing Method Thereof. ; Scott, A. Soc. A convenient synthesis of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (acyclovir) and related compounds . Acyclovir (ACV, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine, Zovirax [1, 2], Figure 1), is a guanine derivative possessing antiviral activity and commonly used in the treatment of herpes. Maichuk, I.F. Finally, the paper provides hot spots of current ACV research and insights into future challenges for further innovation of ACV in pharmaceutical applications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.10.041 (2019). Sci. ISSN 2045-2322 (online). ; Farias, P.A. Peres, R.M., Sousa, J.M.L., de Oliveira, M.O. The application of existing analytical methods for the determination of ACV are vigorously discussed in the following. Sadjadi, S.A.; Regmi, S.; Chau, T. Acyclovir neurotoxicity in a peritoneal dialysis patient: Report of a case and review of the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir. Sasanya, J.J.; Abd-Alla, A.M.M. [. 846, 156471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156471 (2020) (ISSN 0925-8388). Kllberg, M.; Wang, H.; Wang, S.; Peng, J.; Wang, Z.; Lu, H.; Xu, J. Template-based protein structure modeling using the RaptorX web server. Ring, T. A. 23, 800801 (2017). ; investigation, Y.-P.W., Y.-Y.W. This medication may also help reduce how . Acyclovir is an antiviral drug that has activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1), 2 (HSV-2), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). & Pedraza, F. Crystallization of sol+gel boehmite via hydrothermal annealing. Golankiewicz, B.; Ostrowski, T.; Goslinski, T.; Januszczyk, P.; Zeidler, J.; Baranowski, D.; De Clercq, E. Fluorescent tricyclic analogues of acyclovir and ganciclovir. R2 is equal to 0.9851. Drug Deliv. and K.-H.L. In Biologic and Systemic Agents in Dermatology (ed. Therefore, the researchers studied effective detection conditions for assaying ACV in various environments. Klug, S.; Lewandowski, C.; Merker, H.J. Article 14,15 The bioavailability of acyclovir is not affected by food. Tucker, W.E. Dubrofsky, L.; Kerzner, R.S. Mater. Silva, G.R. The mobile phase was delivered at 1.5mLmin1 and the gradient elution programs from eluents A and B were 0.007.00min (96:4), 7.0110.00min (40:60), and 10.0112.50min (96:4). Zovirax; Canadian Brand Name. 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